I would
have to say that the radio network beginning in the 1920s effected the music
education classroom the most in this period. Previously, the music that could
be listened to in the classroom was limited. There were basically vinyl
recordings that could be played for the class or live music production. To own
enough records to have a good variety for students and a record player in each
music classroom was too expensive and could not have been very effective. Short
of going to see a performance of a professional group, the live music
production was limited to what the students themselves produced, which is not
an effective way to actively listen to a piece of music. When the radio came
along, however, a much wider range of exposure occurred. Not only could more
people be exposed to different genres, but these genres could expand and share
more pieces with the general public. So, instead of listening to the same three
records all of the time, classrooms were able to switch on the radio to
whatever prerecorded or even live performance was occurring at the time. This
provided a wider exposure to music for the students and they could even hear
live performances they never would have been able to otherwise.
In the
given time period, there are several things that could be considered as having
the biggest impact on music education. Some of my fellow music educators have
already chosen the phonograph (obviously very important), so I have chosen a
different path. I picked the synthesizer. The earliest origins of the
synthesizer were in 1896, but not as we know it today. The first semblance of
one was steam-powered and weighed 200 tons! The Theremin in 1919 took the next
step, but ended up becoming a completely different instrument. In the 1950s,
the term "synthesizer" was used for the first time. RCA came out with
the item, but it was ridiculously complicated and almost impossible to play
effectively. The transistor in the late 1940s would allow for this to become
smaller and more portable. In 1963, Moog, the father of the modern synthesizer,
combined different sound modules he was working on into one item, which was
introduced in 1966. After refining the idea to something more accessible and
cheaper, his Model D was released in 1970.
Synthesizers
began to blossom mainstream in the 1960s and 70s when rock bands specifically
began to experiment with the different sounds and effects that could be
achieved. To this day synthesizers are still being improved, but the largest
amount of growth was before and coming into the late 1980s. Today we do not
realize all of the work that went into it, we only see a keyboard that makes
cool sounds if we press certain buttons.
The
reality is that music education in the general music classroom setting would be
entirely different if we did not have the synthesizer. First, teaching students
piano would be nearly impossible. Each student would have to take a turn on the
piano or have a private lesson with the teacher. Classrooms are lucky if they
have even one piano, and it is most likely not in tune. Instead, we can have
classrooms with several keyboards (a term used interchangeably here with "synthesizers")
so instruction can be given to multiple
students at one time. Just as Beulah Mae wanted her students to learn to read
instead of copying what the teacher says in A Social History of Media and
Technology in Schools, students can work on their own at their own pace to
learn piano with the keyboard. Headphones can be plugged into most keyboards so
students can hear themselves better or practice in "silence." More
advanced classrooms are even set up with a system so that when everyone has
headphones in, they can hear the teacher speaking or playing, the teacher can
hear each individual playing, or the students can play together from opposite
ends of the room. The keyboard also makes it possible for students to practice
piano at home, where they most likely do not have a piano (cost, space, etc.)
and have the option of playing "silently."
Aside
from learning to play piano, the keyboard is also used for other educational activities,
including singing songs, learning music theory, and even using the different
settings as backgrounds to teach improvisation. As Grandma Bessie's journal
states, "The modern system of schooling is nothing short of blasphemous in
its ignorance of human creativity" (p. 43). Grace even briefly mentions the
advantage of using a piano even in non-musical classes.